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                                              無功補償電容器的應用

摘要：電容器作為無功補償裝置(zhi)的重(zhong)要設備，在配(pei)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)中(zhong)被廣泛使用。用電(dian)(dian)企(qi)業投入(ru)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)補(bu)償后，通過合理(li)的配(pei)置和控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器，功率因(yin)數提高(gao)到了0.9以上，達到了用電(dian)(dian)標準(zhun)，每年(nian)可(ke)節能100萬余元。

關鍵詞：電容器   無功補償(chang)  功率因(yin)數  節能

1前言

隨著國民經濟(ji)的發展，各種電(dian)子(zi)設備的應用，導致電(dian)網(wang)污染越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)嚴重，無功補償電(dian)容器(qi)能有效維持系統的電(dian)壓水平，提高電(dian)力系統的穩定、可靠性，能夠降低電(dian)網(wang)損耗(hao)。同時無功補償電(dian)容器(qi)具有自動切換、操作方(fang)便(bian)、運行性維護方(fang)便(bian)等特點，越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)受到企業的青睞。

2  無功補償電容器

2.1 無功補償電容器原理

在(zai)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)，由電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)(gong)給負(fu)(fu)載(zai)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)有(you)(you)兩種(zhong)：一種(zhong)是有(you)(you)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)P，是指(zhi)保(bao)持用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備正常(chang)(chang)運行所需(xu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)；另一種(zhong)是無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，是指(zhi)用(yong)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)場和(he)磁(ci)場交換(huan)，并(bing)(bing)用(yong)來在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設(she)備中(zhong)建立(li)和(he)維持磁(ci)場的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。視在(zai)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)S表示有(you)(you)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)和(he)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)矢量和(he)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)感性負(fu)(fu)載(zai)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)量間(jian)存在(zai)相(xiang)(xiang)位差，通常(chang)(chang)用(yong)相(xiang)(xiang)位角表示，相(xiang)(xiang)位角的(de)(de)余弦稱為功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)因數(shu)。用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備本身(shen)所具有(you)(you)的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)因數(shu)稱為自(zi)然功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)因數(shu)，多(duo)數(shu)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備的(de)(de)自(zi)然功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)因數(shu)都比(bi)較低(di)。并(bing)(bing)聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器與供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備或負(fu)(fu)載(zai)并(bing)(bing)聯(lian)，則供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備或負(fu)(fu)載(zai)所需(xu)的(de)(de)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)可以全(quan)部(bu)或部(bu)分由并(bing)(bing)聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器供(gong)(gong)給，即(ji)并(bing)(bing)聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器發出的(de)(de)容(rong)性無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)使(shi)系統無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)增(zeng)加，提高了功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)因數(shu)。

2.2無功補償電容器的作用

電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)在交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)路里可將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)維持在較高的(de)(de)平均值，改善(shan)增加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)穩(wen)定性。對大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流負載的(de)(de)突發(fa)啟動(dong)給予電(dian)(dian)(dian)流補償(chang)(chang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力補償(chang)(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)組可提供巨(ju)大的(de)(de)瞬間電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，減少對電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)沖擊(ji)。

電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中大量的感性負載會使電(dian)(dian)網的相位(wei)產生偏差(感性元件(jian)使電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)相位(wei)超前電(dian)(dian)流(liu)90°)，而(er)電(dian)(dian)容在電(dian)(dian)路(lu)里的特性與電(dian)(dian)感正好相反，起補償作用。

在一定的(de)(de)有功功率下(xia)，當用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業功率因數(shu)cosP越(yue)小，其(qi)視在功率也越(yue)大，為(wei)滿足用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)需要，供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路和(he)變壓(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)容(rong)量也越(yue)大。這樣不僅增(zeng)加(jia)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)投資，降(jiang)低(di)設(she)備利用(yong)率，也將增(zeng)加(jia)線路網(wang)損。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)高(gao)峰負(fu)荷時(shi)，用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)功率因數(shu)應(ying)達到標準：高(gao)壓(ya)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)工業用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)和(he)裝有帶負(fu)荷調整電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)，功率因數(shu)為(wei)0.9以(yi)上(shang)：其(qi)他100kVA及(ji)以(yi)上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)和(he)大中型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力排灌站(zhan)，功率因數(shu)為(wei)0.85以(yi)上(shang)；農(nong)業用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率因數(shu)為(wei)0.8以(yi)上(shang)。

2.3 電容器安全運行條件及保護措施

電(dian)容器安(an)全(quan)運行(xing)條(tiao)件：

（1）電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器應在額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)運行(xing)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器長時間(jian)允許電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不得超過其額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的1.1倍，如果超過，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器應退出(chu)運行(xing)；

（2）電容器可以在額定電流下長期運(yun)行，允許運(yun)行上限電流不(bu)超過額定電流的1.3倍；

（3）電容(rong)器的(de)(de)額(e)定頻(pin)率必須與電網的(de)(de)工作頻(pin)率一(yi)致；

（4）電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器組(zu)運行的環境溫(wen)度在-40℃~40℃時，充礦物油的電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器組(zu)允許(xu)溫(wen)升(sheng)為(wei)50℃，充硅油的電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器組(zu)允許(xu)溫(wen)升(sheng)為(wei)55℃。每臺電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器上應安裝單(dan)獨熔絲保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)，電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器組(zu)應有繼電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)，包(bao)括過(guo)流保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、電(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)平衡(heng)和缺相保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、不(bu)平衡(heng)，電(dian)(dian)流保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、過(guo)電(dian)(dian)壓保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、低電(dian)(dian)壓與失壓保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)。

另外，為了避免操作過電壓和大氣過電壓系統(tong)，還應(ying)該(gai)安裝(zhuang)機座的避雷器用來(lai)保護電容(rong)器（2）。

3 無(wu)功補償(chang)電容器的實際應用

設立(li)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器室，安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)電(dian)(dian)纜溝及電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器組(zu)支(zhi)撐架，在電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器室安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)監控(kong)(kong)，采(cai)取防火措施，配置(zhi)滅火器。無(wu)功(gong)(gong)補償裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)采(cai)用全膜介(jie)質電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器，通過按鈕(niu)將斷路器合閘后，補償裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)進(jin)入工作(zuo)狀態，完全自動運行，實(shi)時跟蹤(zong)自動補償，控(kong)(kong)制器檢測(ce)到系統電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)超過控(kong)(kong)制器設備定的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下限并且無(wu)功(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)流超過設定的投(tou)切(qie)門限值時，自動判斷出需投(tou)切(qie)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器組(zu)的級數，將對(dui)應電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器投(tou)入式切(qie)除。

補(bu)償電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)運(yun)行(xing)階(jie)段，制定巡視檢查(cha)制度。由主配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)室值班(ban)人(ren)員(yuan)每4h對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)室巡視檢查(cha)一次，檢查(cha)內(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)主要有設備(bei)的(de)(de)工作模式（正常/故(gu)障，分(fen)閘(zha)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)和(he)合閘(zha)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)），電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)組的(de)(de)工作狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)（投(tou)/切)，正常運(yun)行(xing)過程中有無異常聲音，房間內(nei)有無異味，環境溫度有無過熱，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)運(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、頻率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)是(shi)否符合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)。值班(ban)人(ren)員(yuan)每班(ban)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)補(bu)償裝置運(yun)行(xing)日(ri)志(zhi)上記錄運(yun)行(xing)情況，記錄內(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)組的(de)(de)工作狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)，系統參數(shu)（系統有功(gong)(gong)、系統無功(gong)(gong)、功(gong)(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數(shu)、無功(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、系統電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、系統電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、補(bu)償電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)）。技(ji)術人(ren)員(yuan)每周至少(shao)檢查(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)運(yun)行(xing)日(ri)志(zhi)兩次。發現(xian)隱(yin)患及時處理，經過近2a的(de)(de)數(shu)據統計，投(tou)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)補(bu)償后，功(gong)(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數(shu)提(ti)高(gao)到了(le)0.9以上，基本(ben)處于0.95左(zuo)右，達到了(le)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)標準，降低了(le)企業成本(ben)。

參考文獻

[1] 周志敏，周紀海，紀愛華.無功補償電容器配置·運行·維護[M].北京：電子工業出版社，2009.

[2] 文紹卿，電力電容器無功補償及其安全應用J].河南科技,2011(5):56-57.

來源：《山東冶金》