久久久久成人精品无码_日韩精品免费一线在线观看_黄色成人网站免费无码av_国偷自产视频一区二区久

                                              無(wu)功補償電容(rong)器(qi)的應用

摘要：電容器作為無功補償(chang)裝置的重要(yao)設備，在(zai)配電(dian)系統中被廣泛(fan)使用。用電(dian)企業投入(ru)電(dian)容補償后(hou)，通(tong)過合理的配置(zhi)和(he)控制(zhi)電(dian)容器，功率因數(shu)提高(gao)到了(le)0.9以上(shang)，達到了(le)用電(dian)標準，每年可節能100萬(wan)余元。

關鍵詞：電(dian)容器   無(wu)功補償  功率因數(shu)  節能

1前言

隨(sui)著國民經(jing)濟的(de)發展，各種電(dian)子設備的(de)應用，導(dao)致(zhi)電(dian)網污(wu)染越(yue)來越(yue)嚴重，無功(gong)補償電(dian)容器(qi)能(neng)有(you)效維持(chi)系統的(de)電(dian)壓水(shui)平，提高電(dian)力系統的(de)穩定、可靠性(xing)(xing)，能(neng)夠(gou)降低(di)電(dian)網損耗。同時無功(gong)補償電(dian)容器(qi)具有(you)自動切換、操作方(fang)便(bian)、運行性(xing)(xing)維護方(fang)便(bian)等(deng)特點，越(yue)來越(yue)受到企業的(de)青睞。

2  無功補償電容器

2.1 無功補償電容器原理

在(zai)(zai)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)路中，由電(dian)源供給負(fu)載(zai)的(de)電(dian)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)有兩(liang)種(zhong)：一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)有功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)P，是(shi)指(zhi)保持用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)設(she)備(bei)(bei)正常運行所需(xu)的(de)電(dian)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)；另一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，是(shi)指(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于電(dian)路內(nei)電(dian)場(chang)和(he)磁場(chang)交(jiao)換(huan)，并(bing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)來在(zai)(zai)電(dian)氣設(she)備(bei)(bei)中建(jian)立和(he)維持磁場(chang)的(de)電(dian)動率(lv)(lv)(lv)。視在(zai)(zai)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)S表示有功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)和(he)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)矢量和(he)。電(dian)感性負(fu)載(zai)的(de)電(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)相量間存在(zai)(zai)相位差，通常用(yong)(yong)(yong)相位角(jiao)(jiao)表示，相位角(jiao)(jiao)的(de)余弦稱(cheng)為功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)(shu)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)設(she)備(bei)(bei)本(ben)身所具(ju)有的(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)(shu)稱(cheng)為自(zi)然功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)(shu)，多數(shu)(shu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)自(zi)然功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)(shu)都比較低(di)。并(bing)聯電(dian)容器與供電(dian)設(she)備(bei)(bei)或(huo)負(fu)載(zai)并(bing)聯，則供電(dian)設(she)備(bei)(bei)或(huo)負(fu)載(zai)所需(xu)的(de)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)可以(yi)全(quan)部(bu)或(huo)部(bu)分(fen)由并(bing)聯電(dian)容器供給，即并(bing)聯電(dian)容器發出(chu)的(de)容性無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)使(shi)系統無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)增加，提高(gao)了功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)(shu)。

2.2無功補償電容器的作用

電(dian)容(rong)在交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)路里可將電(dian)壓維持在較高的(de)平均(jun)值，改善增加電(dian)路電(dian)壓的(de)穩定性。對(dui)大電(dian)流(liu)(liu)負載的(de)突(tu)發啟動給(gei)予電(dian)流(liu)(liu)補償，電(dian)力補償電(dian)容(rong)組可提供巨大的(de)瞬間電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，減少對(dui)電(dian)網(wang)的(de)沖(chong)擊。

電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)大量的感性負載(zai)會使電(dian)(dian)網的相位(wei)產生偏差(感性元件使電(dian)(dian)壓相位(wei)超(chao)前電(dian)(dian)流(liu)90°)，而電(dian)(dian)容(rong)在電(dian)(dian)路(lu)里的特(te)性與(yu)電(dian)(dian)感正好相反，起補償作(zuo)用。

在(zai)一定的(de)(de)有功功率(lv)下，當(dang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業(ye)功率(lv)因數(shu)cosP越(yue)(yue)小，其視在(zai)功率(lv)也越(yue)(yue)大(da)，為(wei)滿足用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)需要，供電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路和變壓(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)容量也越(yue)(yue)大(da)。這樣不僅(jin)增(zeng)加供電(dian)(dian)(dian)投資，降低設(she)備(bei)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)率(lv)，也將增(zeng)加線路網(wang)損(sun)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)高(gao)峰(feng)負荷(he)時(shi)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)的(de)(de)功率(lv)因數(shu)應達到標準：高(gao)壓(ya)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)工業(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)和裝有帶負荷(he)調整電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)，功率(lv)因數(shu)為(wei)0.9以(yi)(yi)上：其他100kVA及以(yi)(yi)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)力用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)和大(da)中型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力排灌(guan)站，功率(lv)因數(shu)為(wei)0.85以(yi)(yi)上；農(nong)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功率(lv)因數(shu)為(wei)0.8以(yi)(yi)上。

2.3 電容器安全運行條件及保護措施

電容器安(an)全(quan)運行條(tiao)件：

（1）電(dian)容器應在(zai)額定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)下運行，電(dian)容器長時間允許電(dian)壓(ya)不得超(chao)過其額定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)的1.1倍(bei)，如果超(chao)過，電(dian)容器應退出運行；

（2）電容器可以在額(e)(e)定電流(liu)下長期運(yun)行，允許(xu)運(yun)行上限(xian)電流(liu)不超過額(e)(e)定電流(liu)的1.3倍；

（3）電容器(qi)的(de)額定頻率必須與電網的(de)工作頻率一致；

（4）電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器組(zu)(zu)(zu)運行(xing)的環境溫(wen)度(du)在(zai)-40℃~40℃時，充(chong)礦(kuang)物油的電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器組(zu)(zu)(zu)允許溫(wen)升為50℃，充(chong)硅油的電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器組(zu)(zu)(zu)允許溫(wen)升為55℃。每臺電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器上(shang)應(ying)安(an)裝(zhuang)單(dan)獨(du)熔絲保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)，電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器組(zu)(zu)(zu)應(ying)有繼電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)，包括過流(liu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、電(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)平衡和缺相保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、不(bu)平衡，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、過電(dian)(dian)壓保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、低(di)電(dian)(dian)壓與失壓保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)。

另(ling)外(wai)，為了避(bi)免操作過電壓(ya)和大氣過電壓(ya)系(xi)統，還應該安裝機座的避(bi)雷器用來保護電容(rong)器（2）。

3 無功補償電容器的實際應用

設(she)立電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)室，安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜溝及電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)組(zu)(zu)支撐架，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)室安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)監控，采取防火(huo)措施，配置滅火(huo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。無功補償(chang)(chang)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置采用全膜介(jie)質(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，通過(guo)按鈕將(jiang)斷路器(qi)(qi)(qi)合(he)閘后，補償(chang)(chang)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置進入工作狀態，完(wan)全自(zi)(zi)動運行，實(shi)時跟蹤自(zi)(zi)動補償(chang)(chang)，控制器(qi)(qi)(qi)檢(jian)測到系(xi)統電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓超過(guo)控制器(qi)(qi)(qi)設(she)備定的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)限并且無功電(dian)(dian)(dian)流超過(guo)設(she)定的投切門限值時，自(zi)(zi)動判斷出需(xu)投切電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)組(zu)(zu)的級數，將(jiang)對應電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)投入式切除。

補(bu)償(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)階段(duan)，制定(ding)巡視檢查(cha)制度。由(you)主(zhu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)室值(zhi)班人(ren)員每4h對電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)室巡視檢查(cha)一次，檢查(cha)內(nei)容(rong)(rong)主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)設備的(de)工作模式（正(zheng)常/故(gu)障，分(fen)閘狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)和合(he)閘狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)），電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)組的(de)工作狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)（投(tou)/切)，正(zheng)常運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)過(guo)程中(zhong)有(you)無異(yi)常聲音，房間(jian)內(nei)有(you)無異(yi)味，環境溫(wen)度有(you)無過(guo)熱，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、頻率電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)是否(fou)符合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)的(de)要(yao)求。值(zhi)班人(ren)員每班在電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)補(bu)償(chang)裝置運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)日志上記(ji)錄運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)情況(kuang)，記(ji)錄內(nei)容(rong)(rong)包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)組的(de)工作狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)，系統(tong)參(can)數（系統(tong)有(you)功(gong)、系統(tong)無功(gong)、功(gong)率因數、無功(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、系統(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、系統(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、補(bu)償(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)）。技術(shu)人(ren)員每周至少(shao)檢查(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)日志兩次。發現隱患及時(shi)處(chu)理，經過(guo)近2a的(de)數據統(tong)計(ji)，投(tou)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)補(bu)償(chang)后(hou)，功(gong)率因數提(ti)高到了(le)0.9以上，基本(ben)(ben)處(chu)于0.95左右(you)，達到了(le)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)標準，降低了(le)企業(ye)成本(ben)(ben)。

參考文獻

[1] 周志敏，周紀海，紀愛華.無功補償電容器配置·運行·維護[M].北京：電子工業出版社，2009.

[2] 文紹卿，電力電容器無功補償及其安全應用J].河南科技,2011(5):56-57.

來源：《山東冶金》