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　　1. 無(wu)功(gong)補(bu)(bu)償的(de)原理：把具有容(rong)性(xing)功(gong)率負(fu)荷(he)(he)的(de)裝(zhuang)置與感(gan)性(xing)功(gong)率負(fu)荷(he)(he)并(bing)接在同(tong)一電路，當容(rong)性(xing)負(fu)荷(he)(he)釋放(fang)能(neng)(neng)量時(shi)，感(gan)性(xing)負(fu)荷(he)(he)吸(xi)收(shou)能(neng)(neng)量，而(er)感(gan)性(xing)負(fu)荷(he)(he)釋放(fang)能(neng)(neng)量時(shi)，容(rong)性(xing)負(fu)荷(he)(he)吸(xi)收(shou) 能(neng)(neng)量，能(neng)(neng)量在兩種負(fu)荷(he)(he)之間交換。這樣，感(gan)性(xing)負(fu)荷(he)(he)所(suo)吸(xi)收(shou)的(de)無(wu)功(gong)功(gong)率可從容(rong)性(xing)負(fu)荷(he)(he)輸出(chu)的(de)無(wu)功(gong)功(gong)率中(zhong)得到補(bu)(bu)償，這就是無(wu)功(gong)補(bu)(bu)償的(de)原理。

　　2. 有功功率(lv)：有功功率(lv)是保持用電(dian)設備(bei)正常運行所需的電(dian)功率(lv)，也就是將(jiang)電(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)為其他(ta)形式(shi)能(neng)量(機械能(neng)、光能(neng)、熱能(neng))的電(dian)功率(lv)。單位：瓦(W)或千瓦(KW)

　　3. 無功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)：無功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)比較抽象，它是(shi)用(yong)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)與磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)交換，并用(yong)來在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設備中建立和維(wei)持(chi)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)。它不(bu)對(dui)外作功(gong)(gong)，而是(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)為其他形式的(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)。凡 是(shi)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)線圈(quan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設備，要建立磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)，就要消耗無功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)。無功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)決不(bu)是(shi)無用(yong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)，它的(de)(de)用(yong)處很大(da)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)需要建立和維(wei)持(chi)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)，使(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動，從(cong)而帶(dai)動機(ji)(ji) 械運動，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)就是(shi)靠(kao)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)取得無功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)建立的(de)(de)。變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)也(ye)同(tong)樣需要無功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)，才(cai)能(neng)使(shi)變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)的(de)(de)一次線圈(quan)產(chan)生磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)，在二次線圈(quan)感應出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。因此，沒 有無功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)就不(bu)會(hui)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動，變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)也(ye)不(bu)能(neng)變(bian)(bian)壓，交流(liu)接觸器(qi)不(bu)會(hui)吸合。單位：乏(var)或千乏(Kvar)

　　4. 感性無功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率：電(dian)動(dong)機和(he)(he)變壓器在能量轉換過程中(zhong)建(jian)立交變的(de)磁場，在一個周期內吸收和(he)(he)釋放的(de)功(gong)(gong)率相等，這(zhe)種功(gong)(gong)率叫感性無功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率。單位(Kvar)

　　5. 容性無功(gong)功(gong)率：電(dian)(dian)容器在(zai)交流電(dian)(dian)網中接通時，在(zai)一(yi)個周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)內,上半周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)的充電(dian)(dian)功(gong)率與下半周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)的放電(dian)(dian)功(gong)率相等，而不(bu)消(xiao)耗能量，這種充放電(dian)(dian)功(gong)率叫(jiao)容性無功(gong)功(gong)率。單位(Kvar)

　　6.視在(zai)(zai)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)：純(chun)電阻性電路中電壓(ya)和(he)電流(liu)(liu)是同相位(wei)的(de)，電壓(ya)和(he)電流(liu)(liu)的(de)乘積(ji)為有功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)(lv);但在(zai)(zai)感性或容性電路中，電壓(ya)和(he)電流(liu)(liu)有著相位(wei)差，所以電壓(ya)和(he)電流(liu)(liu)的(de)乘積(ji)并不是負荷實(shi)際吸收的(de)電功(gong)率(lv)(lv)，而是表面的(de)數值(zhi)，稱為視在(zai)(zai)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)。單(dan)位(wei)(KVA)

　　7.無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率的(de)(de)作用：在(zai)(zai)正(zheng)常情況下(xia)(xia)，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)不但要(yao)(yao)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源取(qu)得(de)有功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率，同時還需要(yao)(yao)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源取(qu)得(de)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率。如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)中的(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率供(gong)不應(ying)求，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)就沒有 足夠(gou)的(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率來建(jian)立(li)正(zheng)常的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)場，那么，這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)就不能維持在(zai)(zai)額(e)定(ding)情況下(xia)(xia)工(gong)作，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)就要(yao)(yao)下(xia)(xia)降，從(cong)而影(ying)響用電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)正(zheng)常運(yun)行(xing)。　從(cong)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機 和高壓(ya)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)供(gong)給的(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率，遠遠滿足不了負(fu)荷(he)的(de)(de)需要(yao)(yao)，所(suo)以在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)中要(yao)(yao)設(she)(she)置一(yi)些(xie)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)補償裝置來補充無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率，以保證(zheng)用戶對無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率的(de)(de)需要(yao)(yao)，這(zhe)(zhe)樣用電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)才 能在(zai)(zai)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)(xia)工(gong)作。這(zhe)(zhe)就是電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)需要(yao)(yao)裝設(she)(she)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)補償裝置的(de)(de)道理。

　　8.無功功率對(dui)供、用(yong)電產生一定(ding)的不良影響，主(zhu)要表現在(zai)：

　　(1)降低發電(dian)機有功功率(lv)的(de)輸出。

　　(2)降(jiang)低輸、變電設(she)備的供電能(neng)力。

　　(3)造成線路電壓損失增(zeng)大(da)和電能損耗(hao)的增(zeng)加(jia)。

　　(4)造成低功率因(yin)數運行(xing)和電壓下降，使電氣設備(bei)容(rong)量得(de)不到充(chong)分發(fa)揮。

　　9.功(gong)(gong)率因(yin)(yin)數： 電(dian)網中的電(dian)力負(fu)荷如電(dian)動機(ji)、變(bian)壓器等，屬于既(ji)有電(dian)阻又(you)有電(dian)感的電(dian)感性負(fu)載。電(dian)感性負(fu)載的電(dian)壓和電(dian)流(liu)的相量間存在(zai)著(zhu)一(yi)個相位(wei)差(cha)，通(tong)常用(yong)相位(wei)角φ的余弦 cosφ來表(biao)示。cosφ稱為功(gong)(gong)率因(yin)(yin)數，又(you)叫力率。功(gong)(gong)率因(yin)(yin)數是反映電(dian)力用(yong)戶用(yong)電(dian)設備(bei)合理(li)使用(yong)狀況、電(dian)能利用(yong)程度和用(yong)電(dian)管理(li)水(shui)平(ping)的一(yi)項(xiang)重要(yao)指標。

　　三(san)相功率因(yin)數(shu)的(de)計算公(gong)式為：cosφ=P/S

　　式中cosφ——功(gong)率因數;

　　P——有功功率，kW;

　　Q——無功功率,kVar;

　　S——視在功率,kVA;

　　U——用電設備(bei)的額定(ding)電壓,V;

　　I——用電設(she)備的運行(xing)電流,A。

　　功(gong)率(lv)因數分為(wei)自然功(gong)率(lv)因數、瞬時功(gong)率(lv)因數和加權平均功(gong)率(lv)因數。

　　(1)自(zi)然(ran)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)(yin)數(shu)：是指用電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)(bei)沒有安(an)裝無功(gong)補償設備(bei)(bei)時的(de)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)(yin)數(shu)，或者說用電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)(bei)本(ben)身所具有的(de)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)(yin)數(shu)。自(zi)然(ran)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)(yin)數(shu)的(de)高低主要取(qu)決于(yu)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)(bei)的(de)負 荷性(xing)質，電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻性(xing)負荷(白熾燈、電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻爐(lu))的(de)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)(yin)數(shu)較高，等于(yu)1，而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)性(xing)負荷(電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機、電(dian)(dian)(dian)焊機)的(de)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)(yin)數(shu)比較低，都小(xiao)于(yu)1。

　　(2)瞬時功率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)：是指在(zai)(zai)某一(yi)瞬間由功率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)表讀出的功率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)。瞬時功率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)是隨著(zhu)用(yong)電設備的類型(xing)、負荷的大(da)小和電壓(ya)的高(gao)低而時刻在(zai)(zai)變化。

　　(3)加權平均功率因(yin)數：是指在一定時間段(duan)內功率因(yin)數的平均值，其計算公式=

　　10.力(li)率(lv)電費(fei)：全國供(gong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電規(gui)(gui)則(ze)規(gui)(gui)定，在電網高(gao)峰負荷時，用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)的功率(lv)因(yin)(yin)數(shu)應達到的標準(zhun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：高(gao)壓(ya)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電的工業用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)和高(gao)壓(ya) 用(yong)(yong)(yong)電裝有(you)帶負荷調整(zheng)電壓(ya)裝置的電力(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)，功率(lv)因(yin)(yin)數(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.90以上(shang)(shang)，其它100KVA及以上(shang)(shang)的電力(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)和大中型電力(li)排(pai)灌站，功率(lv)因(yin)(yin)數(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.85以上(shang)(shang);農業用(yong)(yong)(yong) 電功率(lv)因(yin)(yin)數(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.80以上(shang)(shang)。凡功率(lv)因(yin)(yin)數(shu)達不到上(shang)(shang)述(shu)規(gui)(gui)定的用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)，供(gong)電部門會在其用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)電費(fei)的基礎上(shang)(shang)按一定比(bi)例對(dui)其加(jia)收一部分電費(fei)，這部分加(jia)收的電費(fei)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)力(li) 率(lv)電費(fei)。

　　11.提高功率因(yin)數(shu)的方法有兩(liang)種，一(yi)種是改善(shan)自然功率因(yin)數(shu)，另一(yi)種是安裝(zhuang)人工補償裝(zhuang)置。